Multimarker panel for diabetes type 1 and 2

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method and means for diagnosing or risk stratification of co-morbidities, particularly cardiovascular complications in diabetes patients. The invention particularly relates to a method for diagnosing whether a diabetes patient is suffering from a cardiovascular complication or is at risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication, said method comprising the steps of (a) measuring, preferably in vitro, the level(s) of at least one cardiac hormone or a variant thereof in a sample from the patient, and (b) diagnosing the cardiovascular complication or the risk of suffering from cardiovascular complication by comparing the measured level(s) to known level(s) associated with the cardiovascular complication or risk. The present invention also relates to combining the measurement of markers comprising cardiac hormones, natriuretic peptides, inflammation-associated markers, angiogenesis markers, and markers for platelet activation. Preferred markers are brain natriuretic peptides (particularly NT-proBNP), PIGF, and sCD40L.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to European application EP 04015936.0filed Jul. 7, 2004.

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to risk stratification of patientssuffering from diabetes.

2. Background

Presently, diabetes patients are generally treated as a homogeneousgroup, only being divided in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients. Infact, diabetes patients constitute a very heterogeneous group. Manypatients suffer from co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease orinflammatory disease. More personalized treatment regimens are needed toaccommodate the needs of these patients. However, a prerequisite forpersonalized treatment is the reliable diagnosis of any co-morbiditiesor specific or predominant manifestation involved in disease prognosisor indicative of complications coming from a specific disease present ina particular patient.

Current diagnostic tools are insufficient for these purposes. Forexample, cardiovascular disease is frequently misdiagnosed by generalpractitioners (Svendstrup Nielsen, L., et al., 2003, “N-terminalpro-brain natriuretic peptide for discriminating between cardiac andnon-cardiac dyspnoea”, The European Jounal of Heart Failure). Therefore,simple and reliable diagnostic tools are needed, in particular forgeneral practitioners and/or physicians specialized in diabetes care.

The use of biochemical or molecular markers for diagnosis is known assuch. However, diabetes causes a disturbance of many body functions and,consequently, a disturbance of the levels of potential biochemical ormolecular markers. It is not known which marker(s) yield valuableinformation about the physiological or pathological state of a diabetespatient.

There have been attempts to determine whether brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) can be used as a biochemical marker in diabetes patients. Yano etal. (1999) found that BNP may be a sign for renal complications in Type2 diabetes patients (Yano Y., Katsuki, A., et al., 1999, “Plasma brainnatriuretic peptide levels in normotensive noninsulin-dependent diabeticpatients with microalbuminuria”, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &Metabolism, vol. 84(7), pp. 2353-2356). This finding has been questionedby Isotani et al. (2000) who speculate that increased plasma BNP israther a sign of cardiac dysfunction (Isotani H., Kameoka K., et al.,2000, “Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in normotensive Type 2diabetic patients without cardiac disease”, Diabetes Care, vol. 23(6),pp. 859-860). Siebenhofer, et al. (2002) state that the studies innormotensive Type 2 diabetic patients were inconclusive with respect toelevated BNP levels in patients with microalbuminuria. Siebenhofer etal. (2002) found that NT-proBNP levels are increased in Type 1 diabeticpatients with albuminuria. The authors concluded that the role ofNT-proBNP in patients with diabetic nephropathy and other co-morbiditieswas unclear.

Cardiovascular complications are frequently left unnoticed in diabetespatients, as diabetes patients often suffer from neuropathy and a lackof pain sensitivity. For example, diabetes patients may suffer fromheart disease without experiencing the hallmark symptom of chest pain.Similarly, microangiopathy in a diabetes patient is frequently notdetected before irreversible tissue damage has occured.

In addition, some diabetes drugs can have cardiotoxic effects, e.g., byblood volume increase, and should only be administered to patients notsuffering from or being at risk of suffering from a cardiovascularcomplication.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing, in a diabetespatient, a cardiovascular complication or a risk of a cardiovascularcomplication comprising the steps of measuring in vitro the level of atleast one cardiac hormone or a variant thereof in a sample from thepatient and diagnosing the cardiovascular complication or the risk of acardiovascular complication by comparing the measured level to a knownlevel associated with the cardiovascular complication or the risk.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a Kaplan-Meier plot of time to first cardiovascular eventin Type 2 diabetic patients with baseline plasma NT-proBNPconcentrations below (dashed line) or above the median in the entirecohort. P-value calculated with log-rank test. Prop. w/o e., Proportionwithout events; t, time (months); NAR, number at risk; bel. med., belowmedian group; ab. med., above median group.

FIG. 2 shows a Kaplan-Meier plot of time to death from cardiovasculardisease or first admission for congestive heart failure in Type 2diabetic patients with baseline plasma NT-proBNP concentrations below(dashed line) or above the median in the entire cohort. P-valuecalculated with log-rank test. Prop. w/o e., Proportion without events;t, time (months); NAR, number at risk; bel. med., below median group;ab. med., above median group.

FIG. 3 shows median plasma levels of NT-proBNP during follow-up inpatients with plasma NT-proBNP below (dashed line) or above the medianin the cohort of 160 Type 2 diabetic patients in the Steno-2 study.conc., concentration; t, time (years); ab. med., above median group;bel. med., below median group.

FIG. 4 shows Kaplan-Meier curves of all cause mortality in patients withdiabetic nephropathy and NT-proBNP concentration above versus below themedian value (110 ng/l)—Log rank test, p<0.0001. For comparison thecurve for normoalbuminuric patients is shown in thin line. Prop. d.,proportion died; t, follow-up period (years); nephrop., nephropathy;normalb., normoalbuminuria, NAR, numbers at risk.

FIG. 5 shows Kaplan-Meier curves of cardiovascular mortality in patientswith diabetic nephropathy and NT-proBNP concentration above versus belowthe median value (110 ng/l)—Log rank test, p<0.0001. For comparison thecurve for normoalbuminuric patients is shown in thin line. Prop. CVD,proportion with cardiovascular death; t, follow-up period (years);nephrop., nephropathy; normalb., nornoalbuminuria, NAR, numbers at risk.

FIG. 6 shows a Kaplan-Meier plot depicting all cause mortality in Type 1diabetic nephropathy according to plasma PIGF. The data was collectedduring the Steno-1 study as described in Example 2. 1 —c.s., one minuscumulative survival; t, follow-up time (years).

FIG. 7 shows a Kaplan-Meier plot depicting mortality from cardiovasculardisease in Type 1 diabetic nephropathy according to plasma PIGF. Thedata was collected during the Steno-1 study as described in Example 2. 1—c.s. CVD, one minus cumulative survival from mortality bycardiovascular disease; t, follow-up time (years).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide methodsand means for risk stratification and/or identification ofco-morbidities, particularly cardiovascular complications, in patientssuffering from diabetes.

In a first embodiment, the problem is solved by a method for diagnosingwhether a diabetes patient is suffering from a cardiovascularcomplication or is at risk of suffering from a cardiovascularcomplication, comprising the steps of (a) measuring, preferably invitro, the level(s) of at least one cardiac hormone in a sample from thepatient, and (b) diagnosing the cardiovascular complication or the riskof suffering from cardiovascular complication by comparing the measuredlevel(s) to known level(s) associated with the cardiovascularcomplication or the risk.

The method may also comprise the step of taking a sample, e.g., a bodyfluid or tissue sample, from the patient. Within the present invention,the taking of the sample can preferably be carried out by non-medicalstaff, i.e., not having an education necessary for carrying out theprofession of a physician. This applies in particular if the sample isblood.

The present invention is particularly advantageous to generalpractitioners, specialized physicians and wards, departments, or clinicsspecialized on diabetes treatment, as they frequently have no access toextensive cardiological examination by cardiologists. The presentinvention provides methods and means to such non-cardiologists forsimple and reliable screening of diabetes patients for those patientswho are at risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication.

The present invention provides simple methods and means to detectcardiovascular complications, including heart disease, microangiopathy,platelet activation, and inflammation, in diabetes patients and even indiabetes patients suffering from neuropathy. Detection is possible atearly stages of complications, even before irreversible damage hasoccurred.

The invention takes advantage of certain biochemical or molecularmarkers. The terms “biochemical marker” and “molecular marker” are knownto the person skilled in the art. In particular, biochemical ormolecular markers are gene expression products which are differentiallyexpressed, i.e., upregulated or downregulated, in presence or absence ofa certain condition, disease, or complication. Usually, a molecularmarker is defined as a nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, whereas abiochemical marker is a protein or peptide. The level of a suitablebiochemical or molecular marker can indicate the presence or absence ofthe condition, disease, or complication, and thus allow diagnosis.

Diabetes according to the present invention relates to all forms ofdiabetes mellitus, including Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.Particularly, diabetes relates to Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, mostparticularly to Type 2 diabetes. Definitions of diabetes mellitus areknown to the person skilled in the art, and diagnostic criteria havebeen established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1985 and1999, as well as by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 1997. Anypatient fulfilling the criteria according to one or more of thesedefinitions is considered a diabetes patient. Preferably, the diabetespatient is defined according to the WHO 1999 criteria.

Type 1 diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus (IDDM). Type 1 diabetes can be caused immunologically(subtype A) and or it can be idiopathic (subtype B). Type 2 diabetes isalso known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus (NIDDM). Type 2 diabetes can either be accompanied byadipositas (Type 2a) or not accompanied by adipositas (Type 2b). Furthertypes of diabetes are, e.g., caused by genetic defects, diseases of theexocrine pancreas, endocrinopathies, and influences of chemicals orpharmaceutical drugs.

Diagnosing according to the present invention includes determining,monitoring, confirmation, subclassification, and prediction of therelevant disease, complication, or risk. Determining relates to becomingaware of a disease, complication, or risk. Monitoring relates to keepingtrack of an already diagnosed disease or complication, e.g., to analyzethe progression of the disease or the influence of a particulartreatment on the progression of disease or complication. Confirmationrelates to the strengthening or substantiating of a diagnosis alreadyperformed using other indicators or markers. Subclassification relatesto further defining a diagnosis according to different subclasses of thediagnosed disease, e.g., defining according to mild and severe forms ofthe disease. Prediction relates to prognosing a disease or complicationbefore other symptoms or markers have become evident or have becomesignificantly altered.

The term “patient” according to the present invention relates to ahealthy individual, an apparently healthy individual, or, particularly,an individual suffering from diabetes. Particularly, the patient issuffering from or being treated for diabetes Type 2 and/or diabeticnephropathy. Even more particularly, the patient has no known history ofcardiovascular complication and/or is not being treated for acardiovascular complication.

The present invention allows diagnosing whether a diabetes patient issuffering from a cardiovascular complication or is at risk of sufferingfrom a cardiovascular complication. “Suffering from a cardiovascularcomplication” according to the present invention also includesdeterioration of a pre-existing cardiovascular complication.

“Cardiovascular complication” can be any cardiovascular disease or eventknown to the person skilled in the art, including heart disease,microangiopathy, or platelet activation.

The present invention takes advantage of cardiac hormones, angiogenesismarkers, and markers for platelet activation as biochemical andmolecular markers.

In a first aspect of the present invention, it has been found thatcardiac hormones, particularly NT-proBNP, as biochemical or molecularmarkers are highly indicative of a cardiovascular complication,particularly heart disease, in diabetes patients.

Patients suffering from heart disease can be patients suffering fromstable angina pectoris (SAP) and individuals with acute coronarysyndromes (ACS). ACS patients can show unstable angina pectoris (UAP),or these individuals have already suffered from a myocardial infarction(MI). MI can be an ST-elevated MI or a non-ST-elevated MI. The occurringof an MI can be followed by a left ventricular dysfunction (LVD).Finally, LVD patients undergo congestive heart failure (CHF) with amortality rate of roughly 15%.

Heart diseases have been classified into a functional classificationsystem according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA). Patients ofClass I have no obvious symptoms of heart disease. Physical activity isnot limited, and ordinary physical activity does not cause unduefatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea (shortness of breath). Patients ofClass II have slight limitation of physical activity. They arecomfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in fatigue,palpitation, or dyspnea. Patients of Class III show a marked limitationof physical activity. They are comfortable at rest, but less thanordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea. Patients ofClass IV are unable to carry out any physical activity withoutdiscomfort. They show symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest. If anyphysical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.

Accordingly, patients can be divided into individuals showing noclinical symptoms and those with symptoms, e.g., dyspnea.

Another characteristic of heart diseases can be the “left ventricularejection fraction” (LVEF), which is also known as “ejection fraction”.People with a healthy heart usually have an unimpaired LVEF, which isgenerally described as above 50%. Most people with a systolic heartdisease which is symptomatic generally have an LVEF of 40% or less. As aconsequence of impaired LVEF, secondary complications can arise, e.g.,pulmonary congestion or congested lung.

Heart disease may also be the result of diabetic macroangiopathy.Diabetic macroangiopathy is similar to arteriosclerosis of thenon-diabetic patient. However, it is more vigorous, and manifestation isearlier and more frequent. Consequently, “heart disease” according tothe present invention also relates to diabetic macroangiopathy.

In the context of the present invention, “heart disease” particularlyrelates to coronary heart disease, SAP, ACS, UAP, MI, ST-elevated MI,non-ST-elevated MI, LVD, or CHF.

More particularly, “heart disease” relates to ACS, UAP, MI, ST-elevatedMI, non-ST-elevated MI, LVD, or CHF.

A heart disease according to the present invention may cause symptoms,particularly symptoms according to NYHA Class II-IV, more particularlyaccording to NYHA Class III-IV.

A heart disease may be associated with an LVEF of 40% or less.

A heart disease may either be “compensated” or “decompensated”.Compensated means that the regular oxygen need of the body can still besatisfied, whereas decompensated means that the regular oxygen need ofthe body is not satisfied anymore.

The cardiac hormones according to the present invention comprisenatriuretic peptides and urotensin. Particularly, cardiac hormonesaccording to the present invention are natriuretic peptides. Also takingadvantage of combinations of any cardiac hormones or natriureticpeptides as biochemical markers is considered in the context of thepresent invention.

Natriuretic peptides according to the present invention compriseANP-type and BNP-type peptides and variants thereof (see, e.g., Bonow,R. O., 1996, “New insights into the cardiac natriuretic peptides”,Circulation 93: 1946-1950).

ANP-type peptides comprise pre-proANP, proANP, NT-proANP, and ANP.

BNP-type peptides comprise pre-proBNP, proBNP, NT-proBNP, and BNP.

The pre-pro peptide (134 amino acids in the case of pre-proBNP)comprises a short signal peptide, which is enzymatically cleaved off torelease the pro peptide (108 amino acids in the case of proBNP). The propeptide is further cleaved into an N-terminal pro peptide (NT-propeptide, 76 amino acids in case of NT-proBNP) and the active hormone (32amino acids in the case of BNP, 28 amino acids in the case of ANP).

Preferred natriuretic peptides according to the present invention areNT-proANP, ANP, NT-proBNP, BNP, and variants thereof. ANP and BNP arethe active hormones and have a shorter half-life than their respectiveinactive counterparts, NT-proANP and NT-proBNP. Therefore, depending onthe time-course that is of interest, either measurement of the active orthe inactive forms can be advantageous. The most preferred natriureticpeptides according to the present invention are BNP-type peptides andvariants thereof, particularly NT-proBNP and variants thereof.

The term “variants” in this context relates to peptides which aresubstantially similar to said peptides. The term “substantially similar”is well understood by the person skilled in the art. In particular, avariant may be an isoform or allele which shows amino acid exchangescompared to the amino acid sequence of the most prevalent peptideisoform in the human population. Preferably, such a substantiallysimilar peptide has a sequence similarity to the most prevalent isoformof the peptide of at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferablyat least 90%, most preferably at least 95%. Substantially similar arealso proteolytic degradation products which are still recognized by thediagnostic means or by ligands directed against the respectivefull-length peptide.

Examples of variants are known. For example, variants of NT-proANP andNT-proBNP and methods for their measurement have been described(Ala-Kopsala, M., Magga, J., Peuhkurinen, K. et al., 2004, “Molecularheterogeneity has a major impact on the measurement of circulatingN-terminal fragments of A-type and B-type natriuretic peptides”,Clinical Chemistry, vol. 50(9), 1576-1588).

The term “variant” also relates to a post-translationally modifiedpeptide such as glycosylated or phosphorylated peptide. A “variant” isalso a peptide which has been modified after collection of the sample,for example, by covalent or non-covalent attachment of a label,particularly a radioactive or fluorescent label, to the peptide. Theterm “variant” is also meant to include splice variant(s).

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to measuring thelevel of a cardiac hormone and additionally measuring the level of anangiogenesis marker and/or a marker for platelet activation.

Angiogenesis markers and markers for platelet activation belong to thegroup of “inflammation-associated markers”. Inflammation-associatedmarkers are markers which indicate pathophysiological states which areassociated with inflammation. Inflammation-associated markers accordingto the present invention do not include CRP, hsCRP, IL-6, or variants ofCRP, hsCRP, or IL-6.

The present invention also relates to additionally measuring the levelof an angiogenesis marker for diagnosis of a cardiovascular complicationin a diabetes patient, more particularly for diagnosis of apathophysiological state associated with inflammation, and mostparticularly for diagnosis of microangiopathy.

Thus, the present invention also allows the diagnosis of“microangiopathy”. Microangiopathy is a frequent consequence of diabetesand is also known as diabetic microangiopathy. Microangiopathy manifestsitself mostly in kidney and retina. Microangiopathy of the kidney canlead to diabetic nephropathy, which is characterized by proteinuria(increased urinary albumin excretion), hypertonia, and progressingkidney insufficiency due to glomerulosclerosis. Microangiopathy of theretina can eventually lead to retinal blood vessel proliferation,retinal bleeds, and blindness. Another consequence of microangiopathy ishypoxia of the extremities (typically known as “diabetic foot”) whichcan lead to gangrene and may require amputation of the extremity.

Therefore, angiogenesis markers also allow diagnosis of diabeticnephropathy, diabetic retinal damage, or hypoxia of extremities.

Preferred angiogenesis markers are PIGF (placental growth factor), VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor), sF1t1 (soluble fms-like tyrosinekinase 1) and variants thereof. The most preferred angiogenesis markeris PIGF and variants thereof. The term “variants” is to be understood asdefined earlier in this specification.

The term “variant” in the present context is also meant to relate tosplice variants. For example, known splice variants of PIGF are PIGF-1(149 amino acids), PIGF-2 (170 amino acids) and PIGF-3 (221 aminoacids). See, e.g., Cai, J., Ahmad, S., Jiang, W. G., Huang, J., et al.,2003, “Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1sustains angiogenesis and Bcl-2 expression via the phosphatidylinositol3-kinase pathway in endothelial cells”, Diabetes, vol. 52, pp.2959-2968.

Therefore, the present invention also relates to measuring the level ofa marker for platelet activation for diagnosis of a cardiovascularcomplication, more particularly for diagnosis of a pathophysiologicalstate associated with inflammation, and most particularly for diagnosisof platelet activation.

Thus, the present invention also relates to the diagnosis of “plateletactivation”. According to the present invention, “platelet activation”relates to any thrombotic event, including platelet activation, plateletaggregation, thrombus formation, and thrombus propagation. Thesebiological mechanisms are representative of the risk that a plaquehaving already become vulnerable will rupture, resulting in reversiblevascular occlusion (UAP) or irreversible vascular occlusion (AMI) whichmay lead to left ventricular dysfunction (LVD), congestive heart failure(CHF), and death.

Therefore, markers for platelet activation also allow diagnosis ofplatelet aggregation, thrombus formation, thrombus propagation, the riskthat a plaque having already become vulnerable will rupture, UAP, andAMI.

Preferred markers for platelet activation are sCD40L (soluble CD40ligand), vWF (von Willebrand Factor), and variants thereof. The mostpreferred marker for platelet activation is sCD40L and variants thereof.The term “variants” is to be understood as defined earlier in thisspecification.

sCD40L (and its variants) can either be “free” or bound to thrombocytes.If sCD40L is measured in blood serum, both free and thrombocyte-boundsCD40L are measured. If sCD40L is measured in blood plasma, only “free”sCD40L is measured. According to the present invention, measuring thelevel of free sCD40L is preferred.

Preferably, the angiogenesis marker(s) and/or marker(s) for plateletactivation are measured in combination with a cardiac hormone. Measuringthe different types of markers can help to confirm the diagnosis of acardiovascular complication and allows subclassification of whether thecardiovascular complication is a heart disease, microangiopathy, orcharacterized by platelet activation.

Thus, the present invention and its various embodiments allow not onlydiagnosis of a cardiovascular complication, but also subclassificationof whether said cardiovascular complication predominantly relates toheart disease, microangiopathy or platelet activation.

It is known to the person skilled in the art that “heart disease”,“microangiopathy”, and “platelet activation” are not completely separatedisorders, but that they are interrelated. For example, plateletactivation may eventually lead to arterial occlusion and heart disease.Therefore, the present invention relates to diagnosing the predominantcharacteristic and/or the stage or severity of a cardiovascularcomplication.

The methods of the present invention can also be accompanied bymeasurement of one or more markers chosen from the group consisting ofCRP, hsCRP, IL-6, or respective variants, glucose, HbA1c, CML(N.sup.[Epsilon]-(carboxymethyl)lysine), and AGEs (advanced glycationend products).

CRP (C-reactive protein), hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein),IL-6 (interleukin-6), and their respective variants indicate thepresence of inflammation in general. Increased levels of these markersin blood serum are also indicative of inflammatory processes in thecardiovascular system. Thus, increased levels of these markers areindicative of the presence or risk of cardiovascular complication.Therefore, measurement of CRP, hsCRP, IL-6, or a respective variant maybe used in combination with other markers according to the presentinvention for diagnosis of cardiovascular complication or risk ofsuffering from cardiovascular complication.

Increased levels of glucose, HbA1c, AGEs, or CML primarily indicate thatthe patient requires a better control of the blood sugar level.

Measuring the level of glucose is routinely used to determine thecurrent blood sugar level in a diabetes patient.

Information about the middle or long-term control of blood sugar can beobtained by measurement of HbA1c, CML, or AGEs.

HbA1c is a glycosylated form of hemoglobin. The lower the level ofHbA1c, the better the blood sugar level of the diabetes patient iscontrolled.

The glyocoxidation product CML (N.sup.[Epsilon]-(carboxymethyl)lysine)results from long-term incubation of proteins with glucose. Similar toHbA1c, a low level of CML indicates a good control of the blood sugarlevel in the diabetes patient.

AGEs (advanced glycation end products) also result from long-termincubation of proteins with glucose. Similar to HbA1c and CML, a lowlevel of AGEs indicates a good control of the blood sugar level in thediabetes patient. In addition, it has been suggested that increasedlevels of AGEs are associated with coronary heart disease in patientswith Type 2 diabetes (Kilhovd, B. K., et al., 1999, “Serum levels ofadvanced glycation end products are increased in patients with Type 2diabetes and coronary heart disease”, Diabetes Care, vol. 22(9), p.1543-1548). Therefore, measurement of AGEs may be used in combinationwith other markers according to the present invention for diagnosis ofcardiovascular complication or risk of suffering from cardiovascularcomplication.

Furthermore, the methods of the present invention can also beaccompanied by measurement of one or more markers chosen from the groupof markers consisting of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A),IL-8, IL-10, interleukin-18 (IL-18/IL-18b), ischemic modified albumin(IMA), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), ICAM-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1), VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1), fatty acid binding protein (FABP), E-selectin, P-selectin,fibrinogen, serum amyloid A (SAA), CK-MB (creatin kinase muscle-brain),MPO (myeloperoxidase), LpPLA2 (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2),GP-BB (glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB), IL1RA, TAFI (thrombinactivable fibrinolysis inhibitor), soluble fibrin, anti-oxLDL(antibodies against oxidized low density lipoprotein), MCP-1 (monocytechemoattractant protein-1), procoagulant tissue factor (TF), MMP-9(matrix metalloproteinase 9), Ang-2 (angiopoietin-2), bFGF (basicfibroblast growth factor), VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), PAI-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1).

The method according to the present invention comprises the step ofdiagnosing the risk of the patient by comparing the measured level toknown levels (reference levels) associated with different grades of riskin a patient.

The person skilled in the art is able to determine known levels ofmarkers which are associated with the “presence” or “risk” of sufferingfrom a cardiovascular complication, particularly heart disease,microangiopathy, and/or platelet activation. Such levels can bedetermined according to well-known methods, as laid out, e.g., inExamples 1 and 2 or FIGS. 1 to 5. For example, the median of themeasured levels in a population of patients, particularly diabetespatients, can be used to distinguish between a patient withoutcardiovascular complication and a patient who is suffering from acardiovascular complication or is at risk of suffering from acardiovascular complication. Evaluating the levels in further patients,e.g., in cohort studies, can help to refine the reference levels and todistinguish between different grades of severity of the complication ordifferent grades of risk such as “highly increased” or “very highlyincreased” risk.

According to the present invention, the term “presence” in the contextrelates to the probability of a cardiovascular complication to bepresent in a given patient. The term “risk” relates to the probabilityof a cardiovascular complication to occur in a given patient in thefuture. “No risk” means that there is apparently no risk of sufferingfrom a cardiovascular complication in the future.

The reference levels given below may serve only as a first guideline todiagnose the risk of a patient. For example, the risk of a given patientis also dependent on the spare pumping capacity of the heart of theparticular patient.

Furthermore, the person skilled in the art is able to determine otherreference levels from the examples shown further below.

The value of a reference level may also depend on the desiredsensitivity or specificity of diagnosis. The higher the desiredsensitivity, the lower is the specificity of diagnosis and vice versa.For example, a higher reference level of NT-proBNP will increase thespecificity but may result in a loss of sensitivity of the diagnosis ofpresence or risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication.

Typically, a plasma level of less than 33 pg/ml, particularly less than20 pg/ml, more particularly less than 15 pg/ml, of NT-proBNP isassociated with no risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication.

Typically, a plasma level higher than 33 pg/ml, particularly higher than125 pg/ml, more particularly higher than 500 pg/ml, of NT-proBNP isassociated with a risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication.

The higher the measured level of NT-proBNP, the higher is the risk ofthe patient. For example, a level of more than 1000 pg/ml indicates ahighly increased risk, and a level of more than 5000 pg/ml indicatesvery highly increased risk.

Typically, a plasma level of less than 10 pg/ml, particularly less than5 pg/ml, of PIGF is associated with no risk of suffering from acardiovascular complication.

Typically, a plasma level higher than 10 pg/ml of PIGF, particularlyhigher than 15 pg/ml, more particularly higher than 20 pg/ml, isassociated with a risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication.

The higher the measured level of PIGF, the higher is the risk of thepatient. For example, a level of more than 25 pg/ml indicates a highlyincreased risk, and a level of more than 30 pg/ml indicates very highlyincreased risk.

Once the presence or risk has been diagnosed, it may have consequencesfor the subsequent treatment as described below. Particularly, thepresent invention allows individualization of treatment according to thepredominant characteristic or manifestation of diabetes. Thus, thepresent invention also relates to methods of treatment. “Treatment” inthis context relates to any treatment which may alter thepathophysiological state of an individual and includes, for example,administering of pharmaceutical drugs as well as surgical treatment.

If a method according to the present invention indicates no risk, thentreatment may be continued as planned.

If a method according to the present invention indicates a risk, thentreatment may be adapted. Preferably, treatment will be accompanied byfurther measuring of the level of the markers of the invention and byfurther diagnosis, such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, or anyother suitable methods known to the person skilled in the art.Furthermore, adapting treatment may include measures such as restrictionof salt intake, regular moderate exercise, avoidance of non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs, providing influenzal and pneumococcalimmunization, surgical treatment e.g., revascularization, balloondilatation, stenting, by-pass surgery), administering drugs such asdiuretics (including co-administration of more than one diuretic), ACE(angiotensin converting enzyme)-inhibitors, β-adrenergic blockers,aldosterone antagonists, calcium antagonists (calcium channel blockers),angiotensin receptor blockers, digitalis, and any other measures knownand deemed appropriate by the person skilled in the art.

If a method according to the present invention indicates that thecardiovascular complication is a heart disease, then the focus oftreatment will be cardiac therapy, in particular administration ofACE-inhibitors and β-adrenergic blockers. In addition, it will bedesirable to avoid cardiotoxic medication and blood volume increase.Also revascularization therapy, e.g., PCTI (percutaneous therapeuticintervention), balloon dilatation, stenting, and by-pass surgery, may beconsidered.

ACE inhibitors are known to the person skilled in the art. Examplesinclude benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril,lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, andtrandolapril.

ACE inhibitors may also be able to slow down the progression of diabeticnephropathy.

β-adrenergic blockers (non-selective and β₁-selective) are known to theperson skilled in the art. Examples include acebutolol, alprenolol,atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, bupranolol, carazolol, carteolol,carvedilol, celiprolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol,oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propanolol, sotalol, tanilolol, andtimolol.

“Cardiotoxic medication” in this context particularly relates toadministration of drugs which may lead to blood volume increase, e.g.,thiazolidinedones, for example, glitazone, medione, pioglitazone,rosiglitazone, troglitazone.

If a method according to the present invention indicates that thecardiovascular complication is microangiopathy, then the focus oftreatment will be medication with “lipid-lowering” drugs, e.g., statins,and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. Also administration of inhibitors orantagonists of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor may beconsidered.

Lipid-lowering drugs are known to the person skilled in the art.Examples include fibrates e.g., bezofibrate, clofibrate, etofibrate,etophylline clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil), nicotinic acid andanalogs thereof e.g., nicotinic acid, acipimox), statins e.g.,simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin,cerivastatin), anion exchange resins e.g., colestyramine, colestipol),probucol, and sitosterol. Preferred lipid-lowering drugs in the presentcontext are statins.

It is important to note that several lipid-lowering drugs, particularlystatins, do also exert anti-inflammatory actions, which makes thoselipid-lowering drugs further suited for treatment of microangiopathy orplatelet activation.

Inhibitors or antagonists of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptorare known to the person skilled in the art. Examples include monoclonalor polyclonal antibodies, tirofiban, eptifibatide, and the like. In apreferred embodiment of the present invention, the glycoprotein IIb/IIIareceptor inhibitor is an antibody, in particular the antibody knownunder the name abciximab. Abciximab is a Fab fragment antibody which isavailable under the name REOPRO (Eli Lilly and Company) from CentocorEurope BV.

If a method according to the present invention indicates that thecardiovascular complication is platelet activation, then the focus oftreatment will be medication with thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors andlipid-lowering drugs, e.g., statins.

Thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors are known to the person skilled inthe art and include any drugs capable of inhibiting the aggregation ofthrombocytes (platelets). Examples are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase,particularly COX-1, e.g., acetylsalicylic acid; ADP inhibitors, whichinhibit binding of adenosine phosphate to its receptors on thrombocytes,e.g., ticlopidin or clopidogrel; inhibitors or antagonists of theplatelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (see above); dipyridamol;sulfinpyrazone; and dextran 40.

If a method according to the present invention indicates that the bloodsugar level is insufficiently controlled, then the patient is treatedaccording to any of the methods for blood sugar control known and deemedappropriate in the art. Examples include administering drugs whichincrease the uptake of sugar from the blood by the target tissue andadministering drugs which stimulate release of insulin from pancreaticbeta-cells. Examples for such well-known drugs include insulin andthiazolidinedones.

As mentioned earlier, diabetes can manifest itself in different forms.Manifestation means that the disease becomes evident by a particularcomplication or characteristic, e.g., cardiovascular complication, heartdisease, microangiopathy, platelet activation, inflammation, orinsufficient control of the blood sugar level. Due to individualdifferences, such as genetic differences, different lifestyles, e.g.,alcohol or nicotine abuse and lack of physical exercise, or a differentdisease history, diabetes can manifest itself through differentcomplications or characteristics in each individual patient. Forexample, a particular patient may suffer from heart disease, whereas adifferent patient suffers from microangiopathy or diabetic nephropathy.As another example, a patient in whom blood sugar level is notsufficiently controlled may not be suffering from microangiopathy due tothe fact that the patient has not been suffering from diabetes for along time, whereas a patient who has been suffering from diabetes formany years may be suffering from microangiopathy even though his bloodsugar level is relatively well controlled.

Therefore, the method according to the present invention may comprisethe diagnosis of a manifestation, particularly the predominantmanifestation, of diabetes belonging to the group consisting ofcardiovascular complication, heart disease, microangiopathy, plateletactivation, inflammation, and insufficient control of the blood sugarlevel.

From the above, it is clear that the invention also relates to a methodfor determining manifestation, particularly the predominantmanifestation of diabetes in a patient, comprising the steps of

-   a. measuring, preferably in vitro, the level(s) of at least one    cardiac hormone or a variant thereof in a sample from the patient,    and-   b. preferably additionally measuring the level(s) of at least one    angiogenesis marker or a variant thereof in a sample from the    patient, and-   c. preferably additionally measuring the level(s) of at least one    marker for platelet activation or a variant thereof in a sample from    the patient, and-   d. preferably additionally measuring the level(s) at least one    marker chosen from the group consisting of CRP, hsCRP, IL-6, or a    variant thereof, in a sample from the patient, and-   e. preferably additionally measuring the level(s) at least one    marker chosen from the group consisting of glucose, HbA1c, CML, and    AGE, in a sample from the patient, and-   f. diagnosing the manifestation by comparing the measured level(s)    to known level(s) associated with the manifestation, wherein-   g. the level of the marker(s) according to step a) to c) are    indicative that the manifestation is cardiovascular complication or    risk of suffering from a cardiovascular complication, and-   h. the level of the marker(s) according to step a) is indicative    that the manifestation is heart disease or risk of suffering from    heart disease, and-   i. the level of the marker(s) according to step b) is indicative    that the manifestation is microangiopathy or risk of suffering from    microangiopathy, and-   j. the level of the marker(s) according to step c) is indicative    that the manifestation is platelet activation or risk of suffering    from platelet activation, and-   k. the level of the marker(s) according to step d) is indicative    that the manifestation is inflammation or risk of suffering from    inflammation, and-   k. the level of the marker(s) according to step e) is indicative    that the manifestation is insufficient control of the blood sugar    level.

As mentioned earlier, the level of the marker(s) according to step b isfurthermore indicative that the manifestation is diabetic nephropathy,diabetic retinal damage, hypoxia of extremities, or risk of sufferingfrom diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinal damage, or hypoxia ofextremities.

Again, as mentioned earlier, the level of the marker(s) according tostep c is furthermore indicative that the manifestation is plateletaggregation, thrombus formation, thrombus propagation, the risk that aplaque having already become vulnerable will rupture, UAP, AMI, or riskof suffering from platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, thrombuspropagation, the risk that a plaque having already become vulnerablewill rupture, UAP, or AMI.

Determination will be the better the more additional markers accordingto the preferred steps b to e of the above method are measured.

The present invention relates not only to methods of diagnosis, but alsoto the use of the markers according to the present invention fordiagnosis.

Diagnosis according to the present invention is preferably done by useof a diagnostic means. A diagnostic means is any means that allows tomeasure the level, amount, or concentration of a substance of interest,particularly a peptide or polypeptide of interest.

Peptides or polypeptides of interest according to the present inventionare the biochemical markers as described in this specification.

Methods and diagnostic means which can be used to determine the levelsof the respective peptides are known to the person skilled in the art.These methods include microplate ELISA-based methods, fully-automated orrobotic immunoassays (available for example on ELECSYS analyzers), CBA(an enzymatic cobalt binding assay, available, for example, onRoche/Hitachi analyzers), and latex agglutination assays (available forexample on Roche/Hitachi analyzers).

Furthermore, the person skilled in the art is familiar with differentmethods of measuring the level of a peptide or polypeptide. The term“level” relates to amount or concentration of a peptide or polypeptidein a patient or a sample taken from a patient.

The term “measuring” according to the present invention relates todetermining the amount or concentration, preferably semi-quantitativelyor quantitatively, of the nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, or othersubstance of interest. Measuring can be done directly or indirectly.Indirect measuring includes measuring of cellular responses, boundligands, labels, or enzymatic reaction products.

In the context of the present invention, amount also relates toconcentration. It is evident that, from the total amount of a substanceof interest in a sample of known size, the concentration of thesubstance can be calculated and vice versa.

Measuring can be done according to any method known in the art, such ascellular assays, enzymatic assays, or assays based on binding ofligands. Preferred methods are described in the following.

In another preferred embodiment, the method for measuring the level of apeptide or polypeptide of interest comprises the steps of (a) contactinga peptide or polypeptide with a suitable substrate for an adequateperiod of time, and (b) measuring the amount of product.

In another preferred embodiment, the method for measuring the level of apeptide or polypeptide of interest comprises the steps of (a) contactinga peptide or polypeptide with a specifically binding ligand, (b)(optionally) removing non-bound ligand, and (c) measuring the amount ofbound ligand.

Preferably, the peptide or polypeptide is contained in a sample,particularly a body fluid or tissue sample, and the amount of thepeptide or polypeptide in the sample is measured.

Peptides and polypeptides (proteins) can be measured in tissue, cell,and body fluid samples, i.e., preferably in vitro. Preferably, thepeptide or polypeptide of interest is measured in a body fluid sample.

A tissue sample according to the present invention refers to any kind oftissue obtained from the dead or alive human or animal body. Tissuesamples can be obtained by any method known to the person skilled in theart, for example, by biopsy or curettage.

Body fluids according to the present invention may include blood, bloodserum, blood plasma, lymph, cerebral liquor, saliva, vitreous humour,and urine. Particularly, body fluids include blood, blood serum, bloodplasma, and urine. Samples of body fluids can be obtained by any methodknown in the art. Preferably, the sample is blood, blood serum, or bloodplasma.

If necessary, the samples may be further processed. Particularly,nucleic acids, peptides or polypeptides may be purified from the sampleaccording to methods known in the art, including filtration,centrifugation, or extraction methods such as chloroform/phenolextraction.

Other preferred methods for measurement may include measuring the amountof a ligand binding specifically to the peptide or polypeptide ofinterest. Binding according to the present invention includes bothcovalent and non-covalent binding.

A ligand according to the present invention can be any peptide,polypeptide, nucleic acid, or other substance binding to the peptide orpolypeptide of interest. It is well known that peptides or polypeptides,if obtained or purified from the human or animal body, can be modified,e.g., by glycosylation. A suitable ligand according to the presentinvention may bind the peptide or polypeptide also via such sites.

Preferably, the ligand should bind specifically to the peptide orpolypeptide to be measured. “Specific binding” according to the presentinvention means that the ligand should not bind substantially to(“cross-react” with) another peptide, polypeptide, or substance presentin the sample investigated. Preferably, the specifically bound proteinor isoform should be bound with at least 3 times higher, more preferablyat least 10 times higher, and even more preferably at least 50 timeshigher affinity than any other relevant peptide or polypeptide.

Non-specific binding may be tolerable, particularly if the investigatedpeptide or polypeptide can still be distinguished and measuredunequivocally, e.g., by separation according to its size, e.g., byelectrophoresis, or by its relatively higher abundance in the sample.

Binding of the ligand can be measured by any method known in the art.Preferably, the method is semi-quantitative or quantitative. Suitablemethods are described in the following.

First, binding of a ligand may be measured directly, e.g., by NMR orsurface plasmon resonance.

Second, if the ligand also serves as a substrate of an enzymaticactivity of the peptide or polypeptide of interest, an enzymaticreaction product may be measured, e.g., the amount of a protease can bemeasured by measuring the amount of cleaved substrate, e.g., on awestern blot.

For measurement of enzymatic reaction products, preferably the amount ofsubstrate is saturating. The substrate may also be labeled with adetectable label prior to the reaction. Preferably, the sample iscontacted with the substrate for an adequate period of time. An adequateperiod of time refers to the time necessary for a detectable, preferablymeasurable amount of product to be produced. Instead of measuring theamount of product, the time necessary for appearance of a given, e.g.,detectable, amount of product can be measured.

Third, the ligand may be coupled covalently or non-covalently to alabel, allowing detection and measurement of the ligand.

Labeling may be done by direct or indirect methods. Direct labelinginvolves coupling of the label directly (covalently or non-covalently)to the ligand. Indirect labeling involves binding (covalently ornon-covalently) of a secondary ligand to the first ligand. The secondaryligand should specifically bind to the first ligand. Said secondaryligand may be coupled with a suitable label and/or be the target(receptor) of tertiary ligand binding to the secondary ligand. The useof secondary, tertiary, or even higher order ligands is often used toincrease the signal. Suitable secondary and higher order ligands mayinclude antibodies, secondary antibodies, and the well-knownstreptavidin-biotin system (Vector Laboratories, Inc.)

The ligand or substrate may also be “tagged” with one or more tags asknown in the art. Such tags may then be targets for higher orderligands. Suitable tags include biotin, digoxigenin, his-tag,glutathione-S-transferase, FLAG, GFP, myc-tag, influenza A virushaemagglutinin (HA), maltose binding protein, and the like. In the caseof a peptide or polypeptide, the tag is preferably at the N-terminusand/or C-terminus.

Suitable labels are any labels detectable by an appropriate detectionmethod. Typical labels include gold particles, latex beads, acridanester, luminol, ruthenium, enzymatically active labels, radioactivelabels, magnetic labels, e.g., “magnetic beads”, including paramagneticand superparamagnetic labels, and fluorescent labels.

Enzymatically active labels include, e.g., horseradish peroxidase,alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, and derivativesthereof. Suitable substrates for detection include diaminobenzidine(DAB), 3,3′-5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, NBT-BCIP (4-nitro bluetetrazolium chloride and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate, availableas ready-made stock solution from Roche Diagnostics), CDP-STAR (AmershamBiosciences), and ECF (Amersham Biosciences). A suitableenzyme-substrate combination may result in a colored reaction product,fluorescence, or chemiluminescence which can be measured according tomethods known in the art, e.g., using a light-sensitive film or asuitable camera system. As for measuring the enzymatic reaction, thecriteria given above apply analogously.

Typical fluorescent labels include fluorescent proteins (such as GFP andits derivatives), Cy3, Cy5, Texas Red, Fluorescein, and the Alexa dyes,e.g., Alexa 568. Further fluorescent labels are available, e.g., fromMolecular Probes, Oregon. Also, the use of quantum dots as fluorescentlabels is contemplated.

Typical radioactive labels include ³⁵S, ¹²⁵I, ³²P, ³³P, and the like. Aradioactive label can be detected by any method known and appropriate,e.g., a light-sensitive film or a phosphor imager.

Suitable measurement methods according the present invention alsoinclude precipitation (particularly immunoprecipitation),electrochemiluminescence (electro-generated chemiluminescence), RIA(radioimmunoassay), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), sandwichenzyme immune tests, electrochemiluminescence sandwich immunoassays(ECLIA), dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA),scintillation proximity assay (SPA), turbidimetry, nephelometry,latex-enhanced turbidimetry or nephelometry, solid phase immune tests,and mass spectrometry such as SELDI-TOF, MALDI-TOF, or capillaryelectrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Further methods known in theart, such as gel electrophoresis, 2D gel electrophoresis, SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and western blotting, canbe used alone or in combination with labeling or other detection methodsas described above.

Preferred ligands include antibodies, nucleic acids, peptides orpolypeptides, and aptamers, e.g., nucleic acid or peptide aptamers.Methods for using such ligands are well-known in the art. For example,identification and production of suitable antibodies or aptamers is alsooffered by commercial suppliers. The person skilled in the art isfamiliar with methods to develop derivatives of such ligands with higheraffinity or specificity. For example, random mutations can be introducedinto the nucleic acids, peptides, or polypeptides. These derivatives canthen be tested for binding according to screening procedures known inthe art, e.g., phage display.

The term “antibody” as used herein includes both polyclonal andmonoclonal antibodies as well as fragments thereof, such as Fv, Fab, andF(ab)₂ fragments that are capable of binding antigen or hapten.

In another preferred embodiment, the ligand, preferably chosen from thegroup consisting of nucleic acids, peptides, and polypeptides, morepreferably from the group consisting of nucleic acids, antibodies, andaptamers, is present on an array. Said array contains at least oneadditional ligand, which may be directed against a peptide, polypeptide,or a nucleic acid of interest. Said additional ligand may also bedirected against a peptide, polypeptide, or a nucleic acid of noparticular interest in the context of the present invention. Preferably,ligands for at least three, preferably at least five, more preferably atleast eight peptides or polypeptides of interest in the context of thepresent invention are contained on the array.

According to the present invention, the term “array” refers to asolid-phase or gel-like carrier upon which at least two compounds areattached or bound in one-, two- or three-dimensional arrangement. Sucharrays (including “gene chips”, “protein chips”, antibody arrays, andthe like) are generally known to the person skilled in the art andtypically generated on glass microscope slides, specially coated glassslides such as polycation-, nitrocellulose- or biotin-coated slides,cover slips, and membranes such as, for example, membranes based onnitrocellulose or nylon.

The array may include a bound ligand or at least two cells expressingeach at least one ligand.

It is also contemplated to use “suspension arrays” as arrays accordingto the present invention (Nolan J P, Sklar L A, 2002, “Suspension arraytechnology: evolution of the flat-array paradigm”, Trends Biotechnol.

20(1):9-12). In such suspension arrays, the carrier, e.g., a microbeador microsphere, is present in suspension. The array consists ofdifferent microbeads or microspheres, possibly labeled, carryingdifferent ligands.

The invention further relates to a method of producing arrays as definedabove, wherein at least one ligand is bound to the carrier material inaddition to other ligands.

Methods of producing such arrays, for example, based on solid-phasechemistry and photo-labile protective groups, are generally known (U.S.Pat. No. 5,744,305). Such arrays can also be brought into contact withsubstances or substance libraries and tested for interaction, forexample, for binding or change of confirmation. Therefore, arrayscomprising a peptide or polypeptide as defined above may be used foridentifying ligands binding specifically to said peptides orpolypeptides.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Study Design

The study design and main results of the Steno-2 study have previouslybeen reported in detail (Gæde, P., Vedel, P., Larsen, N. et al., 2003,“Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients withType 2 diabetes”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 348 (5), pp.383-93). In brief, 160 microalbuminuric Type 2 diabetic patients wererandomized to conventional (n=80) or intensified multifactorialtreatment targeting several concomitant risk factors. Patients in theintensive therapy group were treated with a stepwise introduction oflifestyle and pharmacologic interventions intended to maintainglycosylated hemoglobin values below 6.5%, blood pressure below 130/80mm Hg, fasting serum total cholesterol levels below 175 mg/dl, andfasting serum triglyceride levels below 150 mg/dl. Recommended lifestyleinterventions included reduced intake of dietary fat, regularparticipation in light or moderate exercise, and cessation of smoking.All participants in the intensive therapy group were also advised totake low dose aspirin and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)inhibitor, regardless of blood pressure level. Mean follow-up was 7.8years. Throughout the study period, the intensive group hadsignificantly lower values of HbA_(1c), fasting serum levels of totalcholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, systolic and diastolicblood pressure, and urinary albumin excretion rate (Gæde, supra). Thesechanges were associated with significant reductions in the risk formacrovascular as well as microvascular disease (relative risk reduction53% for cardiovascular disease, 61% for progression to nephropathy, 58%for progression in retinopathy, and 63% for progression in autonomicneuropathy) (Gæde, supra).

All 160 participating patients were recruited from the Steno DiabetesCenter during 1992-93. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albuminexcretion rate (AER) of 30-300 mg per 24 h in four of six 24 h urinesamples. Diabetes was defined by 1985 WHO criteria. Exclusion criteriawere age older than 65 or younger than 40 years; a stimulated serumC-peptide concentration less than 600 pmol/l 6 min after intravenousinjection of 1 mg of glucagon; pancreatic insufficiency or diabetessecondary to pancreatitis; alcohol abuse; non-diabetic kidney disease;malignancy; or life-threatening disease with death probable within 4years. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The protocolwas in accordance with the Helsinki declaration and was approved by theethics committee of Copenhagen County.

In the present post-hoc analysis, patients were stratified into twogroups according to baseline plasma NT-proBNP below the median or abovethe median levels of the cohort.

Endpoints

The primary endpoint in the study was a combined endpoint forcardiovascular disease comprising cardiovascular mortality, non fatalmyocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, percutaneous coronaryinterventions, coronary artery bypass graft, vascular surgery, andamputations. A secondary endpoint comprising cardiovascular mortalityand admission for congestive heart failure was also examined.

Assays

All blood samples were taken at 0800 after an overnight fast. Patientsdid not take their drugs in the morning of the day of blood sampling.

After the patients had been at rest for at least 20 minutes in thesupine position, blood samples for analysis of plasma NT-proBNP werecollected, centrifuged and plasma stored at −80° C. until analysis.Plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP were measured by a sandwichimmunoassay on an ELECSYS 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH,Germany). The analytical range extends from 5 to 35 000 pg/ml, and thetotal coefficient of variation is <0.061 in pooled human plasma samples.To convert from pg/ml to pmol/l, multiply by 0.118. Blood samples weretaken at baseline and after two, four, and eight years of follow-up.

Statistics

Comparison of groups at baseline was by one-way analysis of variance orMann-Whitney test whenever appropriate for numerical variables.Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare categoricalvariables.

Since the two original treatment groups differed significantly in therisk for cardiovascular disease, the role of plasma NT-proBNP as a riskmarker for cardiovascular disease was analyzed in each of these groupsseparately using the median value within each of the original treatmentgroups as cut-off for the below or above the median group as well as ina combined group.

Event curves for the time to the first event for the primary andsecondary endpoints were based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the twogroups were compared using the log-rank test. Hazard ratios with 95%confidence intervals were calculated using a Cox regression model.Results are presented both unadjusted as well as two models withadjustments for risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients withType 2 diabetes; Model 1 with adjustments for known diabetes duration,known cardiovascular disease at baseline, gender and age as previouslyreported, and Model 2 with further adjustments for systolic anddiastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, fasting serumtotal cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, andurinary albumin excretion rate. Results for the combined cohort werealso adjusted for original treatment allocation. Changes in the plasmaNT-proBNP level during time within each of the two treatment groups werecompared with the Wilcoxon test.

Results

The range of fasting plasma levels of NT-proBNP at baseline was 5(lowest detectable value) to 1290 pg/ml with a median value of 33.5pg/ml in the entire Steno-2 cohort, whereas values in the originalintensive therapy group was from 5 to 1290 (median 35.3) pg/ml and inthe conventional therapy group from 5 to 1134 (median 32.0) pg/ml.Baseline characteristics of the two groups are shown in Table 1. Highbaseline plasma NT-proBNP level was associated with longer diabetesduration, higher age, higher systolic blood pressure and impaired kidneyfunction. Similarly, a higher proportion of patients in the above mediangroup was treated with calcium antagonists at baseline (Table 1). TABLE1 Baseline characteristics of 160 Type 2 diabetic patients according tobaseline plasma N-terminal proBNP level below or above the median in theentire cohort Below median Above median group group N = 80 N = 80p-value HbA1c (%)*  8.7 (0.2)  8.4 (0.2) 0.29 Systolic BP (mm Hg)*  143(1.9)  153 (2.2) 0.002 Diastolic BP (mm Hg)*   86 (1.0)   85 (1.3) 0.39Fasting serum total choles-  224 (4)  209 (4) 0.048 terol (mg/dl)*Fasting serum HDL-   40 (1)   39 (1) 0.62 cholesterol (mg/dl)* Fastingserum triglyceride  186 (62-992)  168 (44-1993) 0.09 (mg/dl)† Knowndiabetes duration   5 (0-26)   7 (0-30) 0.003 (yr)† Gender (n)   59 ♂/21♀   60 ♂/20 ♀ 0.96 Smokers (n)   28   32 0.55 Serum creatinine (μmol/l)*  74 (1.5)   80 (2.1) 0.015 Weight (kg)* 92.8 (1.7) 89.1 (1.8) 0.13Glomerular filtration rate  125 (2.4)  109 (2.8) <0.0001 (ml/min/1.73m²)* Known cardiovascular   7   14 0.11 disease (n) Left ventricularmass  110 (2.9)  126 (4.2) 0.001 index* Age (yr)*   52 (0.8)   58 (0.7)<0.0001 NT-proBNP (pg/ml)† 13.0 (<5-32.8) 69.7 (33.5-1290) <0.0001Urinary albumin excretion   70 (32-286)   80 (33-265) 0.11 (mg/24 h)†Urinary sodium excretion  213 (46-577)  176 (25-449) 0.19 (mmol/24 h)aMedication: ACE-inhibitors (n)   13   18 0.42 Diuretics (n)   14   250.07 Beta-blockers (n)   4   5 1.00 Calcium-blockers (n)   3   13 0.02Treatment allocation   41 intensive   39 intensive 0.69*Mean (SE), †median (range)

To convert values for cholesterol to mmol/l, multiply by 0.02586. Toconvert values for triglycerides to mmol/l, multiply by 0.01129. Toconvert values for NT-proBNP to pmol/l, multiply by 0.118.

During a mean follow-up time of 7.8 years, 12 major cardiovascularevents were seen in the group with plasma NT-proBNP below the medianvalue compared to 54 events in the above the median group, p<0.0001(FIG. 1). Similarly, the significant correlation between cardiovasculardisease and the plasma NT-proBNP level was also observed in each of thetwo original treatment groups in the Steno-2 study as shown in Table 1.Adjustment for risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Type 2diabetes did not change the significance of the correlation in any ofthe adjustment models (Table 2). Table 2 shows the hazard ratio (95% CI)for the primary and secondary endpoints in Type 2 diabetic patients withplasma NT-proBNP levels above the median compared to patients withplasma levels below the median (panel A), or using a cut-off level of125 pg/ml (panel B). Model 1 is adjusted for known cardiovasculardisease at baseline, known diabetes duration, age, and gender. Model 2adjusted for variables in Model 1 as well as systolic and diastolicblood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, fasting serum lipids, andurinary albumin excretion rate. TABLE 2 Conventional Combined Intensivegroup group group Panel A Primary endpoint Unadjusted  6.1 (1.8-20.9)3.1 (1.5-6.5) 4.4 (2.3-8.4) p = 0.004 p = 0.002 p < 0.0001 Model 1  4.7(1.2-17.7) 2.3 (1.0-5.0) 3.3 (1.7-6.5) p = 0.022 p = 0.038 p = 0.001Model 2  4.1 (1.0-16.7) 3.0 (1.2-7.6) 3.6 (1.7-7.5) p = 0.048 p = 0.021p = 0.001 Secondary endpoint Unadjusted  7.3 (0.9-59.3) 3.3 (1.1-10.2)5.8 (2.0-16.9) p = 0.06 p = 0.0236 p = 0.001 Model 1  4.4 (0.4-48.2) 3.3(0.9-12.3) 4.4 (1.3-14.3) p = 0.23 p = 0.08 p = 0.015 Model 2  3.0(0.3-32.7) 5.2 (1.0-26.1) 8.4 (2.0-36.3) p = 0.38 p = 0.044 p = 0.004Panel B Primary endpoint Unadjusted  6.0 (2.3-15.3) 3.4 (1.8-8.0) 4.7(2.6-8.4) p = 0.0002 p = 0.001 p < 0.0001 Model 1  5.7 (2.0-16.3) 2.4(1.0-5.6) 3.0 (1.6-5.7) p = 0.001 p = O.048 p = 0.001 Model 2  7.1(1.9-27.1) 2.9 (1.0-8.6) 3.3 (1.7-6.7) p = 0.004 P = 0.047 p = 0.001Secondary endpoint Unadjusted  8.7 (2.2-34.9) 4.1 (1.5-11.2) 5.3(2.4-12.0) p = 0.002 p = 0.007 p < 0.0001 Model 1  7.4 (1.5-37.2) 2.9(0.9-9.4) 3.4 (1.4-8.2) p = 0.015 p = 0.08 p = 0.006 Model 2 15.1(1.0-238.0) 2.4 (0.6-10.0) 4.5 (1.5-13.5) p = 0.054 p = 0.24 p = 0.007

The hazard ratio for the secondary endpoint was also significantlycorrelated to the baseline level of plasma NT-proBNP, both unadjustedand adjusted for classical risk factors (FIG. 2). However, althoughhazard ratios of a similar magnitude were observed when analyzed in eachof the two original treatment groups, adjustment diluted thesignificance of plasma NT-proBNP as a risk marker (Table 2).

In a setting applying a cut-off level of plasma NT-proBNP of 125 pg/ml,the significance and size of the risk for the primary and secondaryendpoints did not change substantially compared to the lower cut-offlevel in the present cohort (Table 2).

When measured two years after study, start levels of plasma NT-proBNPincreased significantly in the combined cohort with 14.9 pg/ml,p<0.0001, and a similar result was seen in the intensive and theconventional therapy group (11.7 pg/ml, p=0.001, and 18.2 pg/ml,p<0.0001, respectively). Median plasma NT-proBNP levels continued toincrease in both the below and above median group during follow-up asshown in FIG. 3. This was also the case when the original intensifiedtherapy group and the conventional therapy group was analyzedseparately.

Changes in plasma NT-proBNP during the first two years of interventionwere significantly correlated with the risk for cardiovascular eventsduring the rest of the follow-up period. A 10 pg/ml reduction in theplasma NT-proBNP level in the combined cohort was associated with asignificant 1% relative risk reduction in both the intensive,conventional, and combined cohort for the primary as well as for thesecondary endpoint (p<0.001 in all cases). A total of 42 patientsreduced plasma NT-proBNP levels during the first two years of follow-upwith a median decrease of 12 pg/ml. Eighteen patients from the baselineclassification above the median reached the below median level after 2years of intervention. Reaching this level was, however, not associatedwith a decreased risk for cardiovascular disease compared to patientsnot reaching the level (hazard ratio 0.45 (0.12-1.65, p=0.23)).

The correlation between the plasma NT-proBNP level and risk forcardiovascular disease during the remaining follow-up period remainedsignificant after 2 years for both the primary and the secondaryendpoint.

In the present post-hoc analysis from the Steno-2 study, we havedemonstrated a significant and independent correlation between plasmaNT-proBNP levels and the future risk for cardiovascular disease as wellas for a secondary endpoint comprising cardiovascular mortality andadmission for congestive heart failure in patients with Type 2 diabetesand microalbuminuria.

In conclusion, the role of plasma NT-proBNP as a strong risk marker forcardiovascular disease and congestive heart failure exists in patientswith Type 2 diabetes.

Example 2

Patients and Study Design

During 1993, all Type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy(n=242) attending the outpatient clinic at Steno Diabetes Center, inwhom glomerular filtration rate had been measured during the same year,were invited to participate in a case-control study (Tamow, L., Cambien,F., et al., 1995, “Insertion/deletion polymorphism in theangiotensin-I-converting enzyme gene is associated with coronary heartdisease in IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy”, Diabetologica, vol.38, pp. 798-803). A total of 199 patients fulfilling the clinicalcriteria for diabetic nephropathy (persistent macroalbuminuria (>300mg/24 h) in at least two out of three consecutive 24-hour urinecollections, in the presence of diabetic retinopathy and the absence ofother kidney or urinary tract disease (Parving H-H, Østerby R, Ritz E.,“Diabetic nephropathy”, in Brenner B M, ed., The Kidney, pp. 1777-818,Philadelphia, W B Saunders, 2003) were recruited. A group of 192patients with long lasting Type 1 diabetes and persistentnormoalbuminuria served as controls. Plasma NT-proBNP was measured in198 patients with nephropathy and in 188 patients with normoalbuminuria.

In a prospective observational study, design the patients were followedup till Feb. 1, 2003, or until death (n=62) or emigration (n=3). Thestudy was approved by the local ethics committee, in accordance with theHelsinki Declaration, and all patients gave their informed writtenconsent.

Baseline Clinical and Laboratory Investigations

Investigations were performed in the morning after an overnight fast. Noantihypertensive medication was ever prescribed in 24% of patients withnephropathy and 88% of the normoalbuminuric patients. All of theremaining patients were asked to stop their antihypertensive anddiuretic treatment 8 days before the examination. Not all patients,however, wanted to do so, and thus 34% and 4% of patients in thenephropathy and normoalbuminuria group, respectively, had takenantihypertensive medication at the day of examination.

Arterial blood pressure was measured twice with an appropriate cuff sizefollowing at least 10 minutes rest in the supine position. Urinaryalbumin concentration was measured by an enzyme immunoassay(Feldt-Rasmussen B, Dinesen B, Deckert M., “Enzyme immunoassay: animproved determination of urinary albumin in diabetics with incipientnephropathy”, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 1985, 45:539-44) from 24 hurine collections. Serum creatinine concentration was assessed by akinetic Jaffé method. Glomerular filtration rate was measured inpatients with diabetic nephropathy after a single injection of

3.7 MBq ⁵¹Cr-EDTA by determination of radioactivity in venous bloodsamples taken 180, 200, 220, and 240 minutes after the injection. Innormoalbuminuric patients, glomerular filtration rate was estimated bythe Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation (Levey A S,Bosch J P, Lewis J B, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D, et al., “A moreaccurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serumcreatinine: a new prediction equation”, Ann. Intern. Med., 1999,130:461-70). Diabetic retinopathy was assessed in all patients by fundusphotography after papillary dilatation and graded as nil, simplex, orproliferative retinopathy. Patients were interviewed using the WHOcardiovascular questionnaire. Major cardiovascular events were diagnosedas a history of stroke and/or myocardial infarction. Smoking was definedas persons smoking one or more cigarettes/cigars/pipes a day, all otherswere classified as non-smokers.

Measurements of NT-proBNP

After the patients had been at rest for at least 20 minutes in thesupine position, blood samples for determination of NT-proBNP werecollected, centrifuged, and plasma stored at −80° C. until analysis.Plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP were measured by a sandwichimmunoassay on an ELECSYS 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH,Germany). The intra-assay variation is below 3.0% and the totalcoefficient of variation ranges between 2.2 and 5.8% in low and highranges of NT-proBNP.

Follow-Up

All patients were traced through the national register during the summerof 2003. If a patient had died before Feb. 1, 2003, the date of deathwas recorded, and information on the cause of death obtained from thedeath certificate. All death certificates were reviewed independently bytwo observers, and the primary cause of death recorded. Additionalavailable information from necropsy reports was included. All deathswere classified as cardiovascular deaths unless an unequivocalnon-cardiovascular cause was established (Pfeffer M A, Swedberg K,Granger C P, Held P, McMurray J J V, Michelson EL et al., “Effects ofcandesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heartfailure: the CHARM-overall programme”, Lancet 2003, 362:759-66).

Statistical Analysis

Normally distributed variables were given as means±SD, whereasnon-normally distributed variables were log transformed and given asmedians (range). Comparisons between groups were performed by anunpaired Student's t-test or ANOVA. A chi-square was used to comparenon-continuous variables. Analyses of the relation at baseline betweenNT-proBNP and presence/absence of nephropathy or major cardiovasculardisease were adjusted for sex, age, systolic blood pressure, andglomerular filtration rate. A two-tailed p-value ≦0.05 was consideredstatistically significant.

All time-to-death variables were analyzed with log rank test anddisplayed on Kaplan-Meier plots according to presence of nephropathy orNT-proBNP levels above or below the median value. In patients withnephropathy, covariate-adjusted Cox's regression models were fitted withthe following pre-specified baseline covariates: sex, age, glomerularfiltration rate, smoking, history of major cardiovascular disease,ongoing antihypertensive medication at time of blood sampling, and log₁₀NT-proBNP or NT-proBNP above respective below the median value (110ng/l). Further adjustments were not performed to avoid over-fitting ofthe model. Results are described as hazard ratios with 95% confidenceintervals without or with adjustment for other factors that might affectprognosis.

All calculations were performed with a commercially available program(SPSS for WINDOWS, version 10.0).

Results

Type 1 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy wereclosely matched with respect to sex, age, and duration of diabetes. Ascompared with patients with normoalbuminuria, patients with diabeticnephropathy had elevated blood pressure, raised HbA_(1c,) increasedserum cholesterol, and a lower glomerular filtration rate, p<0.0001. Onaverage, glomerular filtration rate was well preserved in patients withdiabetic nephropathy (Table 3). TABLE 3 Baseline clinical and laboratorycharacteristics of 386 Type 1 diabetic patients with and withoutdiabetic nephropathy Nephropathy Normoalbuminuria n = 198 n = 188P-value Sex (male/female)  122/76  114/74 0.84 Age (years) 41.0 (9.5)42.5 (9.9) 0.14 Duration of diabetes 27.7 (8.0) 26.8 (8.5) 0.26 (years)Retinopathy (nil/sim-   0/137/61   66/103/19 <0.001 plex/proliferative)History of MI   10 (5.1%)   2 (1.1%) 0.036 History of stroke   14 (7.1%)  1 (0.5%) 0.001 BMI (kg/m2) 24.0 (3.3) 23.7 (2.5) 0.20 HbA1c (%)  9.6(1.5)  8.5 (1.1) <0.001 Urinary albumin  794 (16-14 545)   8 (1-30) —excretion (mg/24 h) S-creatinine (μmol/l)  103 (54-684)   76 (40-116)<0.001 GFR (m//min)   74 (33)   94 (16) <0.001 Systolic blood pressure 151 (23)  132 (18) <0.001 (mmHg) Diastolic blood   86 (13)   76 (10)<0.001 pressure (mmHg) Antihypertensive drugs   34%   4% <0.001 atsampling (%) S-cholesterol (mmol/l)  5.6 (1.2)  4.8 (1.0) <0.001S-HDL-cholesterol 1.46 (0.54) 1.56 (0.53) 0.07 (mmol/l) S-triglycerides1.22 (0.30-9.90) 0.77 (0.30-3.10) <0.001 (mmol/l) Smokers (%)   50%  43% 0.17

Data are n, means (SD), medians (range). Some patients with previouslypersistent albuminuria receiving antihypertensive medication had aurinary albumin excretion rate <300 mg/24 h.

In patients with diabetic nephropathy, plasma NT-proBNP concentrationwas elevated 110 (5-79640) ng/l (median(range)) versus 27 (5-455) ng/lin normoalbuminuric patients, p<0.0001. This difference persisted afteradjustment for differences in glomerular filtration rate and othercovariates, p<0.0001. NT-proBNP concentration was elevated early indiabetic nephropathy (40 (5-3111) ng/l), when glomerular filtration ratewas still within the normal range (>100 ml/min).

In the nephropathy group, plasma concentration of NT-proBNP did notdiffer significantly between Type 1 diabetic men and women (p=0.28), butincreased with age (r=0.42, p<0.0001), systolic blood pressure (r=0.53,p<0.0001), and decreased with glomerular filtration rate (r=−0.60,p<0.0001) and hemoglobin (r=−0.52, p<0.0001). No correlations betweenNT-proBNP and either blood glucose, HbA_(1c) or serum cholesterol wereobserved. No association between diabetic retinopathy and NT-proBNP wasfound.

Among patients with diabetic nephropathy, circulating NT-proBNPconcentrations were higher in patients taking antihypertensivemedication at the time of sampling. This difference, however,disappeared after adjustment for glomerular filtration rate.

A weak inverse correlation between estimated glomerular filtration rate(median 92 ml/min/1.73 m² (range: 45-170)) and plasma NT-proBNP(r=−0.22, p=0.002) was demonstrated in patients with normoalbuminuria.

The prevalence of major cardiovascular events differed between patientswith and without diabetic nephropathy, 11% (95% CI: 8-14) and 2% (0-4)respectively, p<0.0001. In patients with nephropathy, plasma NT-proBNPat baseline was significantly elevated in patients with a history ofeither non-fatal myocardial infarction and/or stroke (671 (34-12418)ng/l, p<0.0001) as compared with those patients without a history ofmajor cardiovascular disease (97 (5-79640) ng/l). After adjusting forpossible confounders, a ten-fold increase in NT-proBNP conferred anincrease in odds ratio of a major cardiovascular event of 3.1 (95% CI1.2-7.8), p=0.02.

During follow-up, 51 (26%) patients with and 11 (6%) patients withoutnephropathy died, p<0.0001. Due to the low numbers of events in thenormoalbuminuric group, further analyses are restricted to patients withnephropathy. Within the nephropathy group, the median value of plasmaNT-proBNP was 110 ng/l, and 39 (39%) of patients with values above and12 (12%) of patients with values below this value died from any cause.The unadjusted hazard ratio was 3.86 (95% CI 2.02-7.37), p<0.0001;covariate adjusted hazard ratio 2.28 (1.04-4.99), p=0.04 —FIG. 4. Thislower mortality was attributable to fewer cardiovascular deaths: 31(31%) and 7 (7%) above and below the median NT-proBNP level respectively(unadjusted hazard ratio 5.25 (2.31-11.92), p<0.0001; covariate adjusted3.81 (1.46-9.94), p=0.006 —FIG. 5). The effect of plasma NT-proBNP onall cause and cardiovascular mortality remained significant afteradjustment for differences in glomerular filtration rate. Furthermore,the interaction between NT-proBNP and glomerular filtration rate was notsignificant, thus indicating that the effect of NT-proBNP concentrationon mortality and cardiovascular mortality is not dependent on the levelof glomerular filtration rate. Further adjustment for serum cholesteroland systolic blood pressure did not alter hazard ratios substantially,and results remained significant.

The overall (log rank test, p=0.06) and cardiovascular (p=0.07)mortality in patients with nephropathy and a plasma NT-proBNP levelbelow 110 ng/l were not statistically different from thenormoalbuminuric group (FIGS. 2 and 3).

By applying the cutoff of 125 ng/l NT-proBNP recommended in the USA,covariate adjusted hazard ratios for all cause and cardiovascularmortality were only slightly changed: 2.68 (1.24-5.79), p=0.01 and 4.09(1.61-10.41), p=0.003 respectively.

Cox regression analyses including NT-proBNP concentration as continuousvariable revealed an unadjusted hazard ratio for all cause mortality foreach 10-fold increase in NT-proBNP of 3.39 (2.38-4.82), p<0.0001;covariate adjusted 2.67 (1.62-4.42), p<0.0001. Accordingly forcardiovascular mortal the unadjusted hazard ratio for each 10-foldincrease in NT-proBNP was 3.58 (2.40-5.36), p<0.0001; covariate adjusted3.32 (1.90-5.81), p<0.0001.

In conclusion, elevated circulating NT-proBNP is an independentpredictor of the excess overall and cardiovascular mortality in diabeticnephropathy. The measurement of NT-proBNP adds prognostic information toavailable methods and can help to guide management of Type 1 diabeticpatients with diabetic nephropathy.

Example 3

In diabetes Type 1 patients with nephropathy, PIGF was found not to becorrelated with age, sex, HbA1c, and glomerular filtration rate.Correlation with urinary albumin excretion was weak. In diabetes Type 1patients with nephropathy, PIGF was correlated with mortality from anycause and mortality from cardiovascular disease (FIGS. 6 and 7).

Example 4

Table 4 shows an analysis of PIGF in patients of the Steno-2 study. Thegeneral study design has been described in Example 1. TABLE 4Cardiovascular disease and plasma PIGF Plasma PIGF as baseline PlasmaPIGF as baseline predictor for any predictor for any CVD CVD event(continuous) event (below/above median) Entire Steno-2 Hazard ratio1.073 Hazard ratio 1.22 cohort (0.999 to 1.152), (0.71 to 2.08), p =0.48 p = 0.052 Intensive Hazard ratio 1.21 Hazard ratio 2.19 therapygroup (1.04 to 1.41), (0.79 to 6.08), p = 0.13 p 32 0.012 StandardHazard ratio 1.03 Hazard ratio 1.04 therapy group (0.95 to 1.12), (0.53to 2.04), p = 0.91 p = 0.46

Example 5

A 55-year old diabetes Type 2 patient presents at his generalpractitioner. NT-proBNP (357 pg/ml), PIGF (11 pg/ml) and free (i.e.,non-thrombocyte-bound) sCD40L (1.2 pg/ml) are measured. The patient doesnot complain of chest pain. The NT-proBNP value indicates the presenceof heart disease. The patient is referred to a cardiologist for thoroughcardiac examination. ECG and cardiac troponin T are normal. The dose ofrosiglitazone medication is reduced, and treatment with ACE inhibitorsand diuretics is initiated. In the following, NT-proBNP is monitored atbi-weekly intervals and reaches a level of 117 pg/ml after two months.Additionally, the level of cardiac troponin T is monitored regularly.

Example 6

A 62-year old female diabetes Type 2 patient presents at her diabetesspecialist. NT-proBNP (37 pg/ml), PIGF (27 pg/ml) and free sCD40L (1.0pg/ml) are measured. NT-proBNP and PIGF indicate a presence or risk ofcardiovascular complication with a predominant characteristic ofmicroangiopathy. VEGF is measured and confirms the diagnosis. CML andHbA1c (7.7%) are measured and indicate insufficient control of bloodsugar. The patient is advised to seek regular exercise and to inspecther extremities daily for small injuries or signs of hypoxia. Medicationwith statins and glitazones is initiated. NT-proBNP is measured at shortintervals to detect whether treatment with glitazones causes an increasein the risk of heart disease. PIGF, AGE, CML, and HbA1c are measuredmonthly to monitor the success of treatment.

1. A method for diagnosing, in a diabetes patient, a cardiovascularcomplication or a risk of a cardiovascular complication comprising thesteps of: a. measuring in vitro the level of at least one cardiachormone or a variant thereof in a sample from the patient, and b.diagnosing the cardiovascular complication or the risk of acardiovascular complication by comparing the measured level to a knownlevel associated with the cardiovascular complication or the risk. 2.The method of claim 1 wherein the cardiac hormone is a natriureticpeptide or a variant thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein thecardiac hormone is NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide)or a variant thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient issuffering from Type 2 diabetes.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein thepatient is suffering from diabetic nephropathy.
 6. The method of claim 1additionally comprising measuring the level of at least one markerbelonging to the group of inflammation-associated markers.
 7. The methodof claim 6 wherein at least one marker belonging to the group ofinflammation-associated markers is an angiogenesis marker.
 8. The methodof claim 7 wherein the angiogenesis marker is PIGF (placental growthfactor) or a variant thereof.
 9. The method of claim 6 wherein thecardiac hormone is NT-proBNP or variant thereof and theinflammation-associated marker is PIGF or variant thereof.
 10. Themethod of claim 6 additionally comprising measuring the level of amarker for platelet activation.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein themarker for platelet activation is sCD40L (soluble CD40 ligand) or avariant thereof.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the cardiac hormoneis NT-proBNP or variant thereof, the angiogenesis marker is PIGF orvariant thereof, and the platelet activation marker is sCD40L or variantthereof.
 13. The method of claim 12 additionally comprising measuringthe level of a marker selected from the group consisting of CRP(C-reactive protein), hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), IL-6(interleukin-6) and variants, glucose, HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c), CML(N.sup.[Epsilon]-(carboxymethyl)lysine), and AGEs (advanced glycationend products).
 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step ofdiagnosing a manifestation of diabetes selected from the groupconsisting of cardiovascular complication, heart disease,microangiopathy, platelet activation, inflammation, and insufficientcontrol of blood sugar level.